fig1

Figure 1. A schematic diagram showing the mechanisms of microbiota in the regulation of ICI resistance in HCC patients. Created in BioRender.Lee, T. (2025) (https://BioRender.com/teyw5en). ICI: Immune checkpoint inhibitor; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; PD-L1: programmed death ligand 1; PD1: programmed death 1; FMT: fecal microbiota transplantation; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; NK: natural killer; DC: dendritic cell; IFN-β: interferon-beta; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; TNF: tumor necrosis factor MAMPs: microbe-associated molecular patterns; SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; IL-17: interleukin-17; IL-8: interleukin-8; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; UDCA: ursodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA: tauroursodeoxycholic acid; UCA: ursodeoxycholic acid; MDCA: murideoxycholic acid; TLR: toll-like receptor; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; UBA6: ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 6; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells.