fig4

Figure 4. (A) Residual cell growth, (B) PHA production, and (C) lignin degradation during lignin bioconversion in shaking flasks with different volumes of medium. Residual cell growth represents the increase of dcw excluding PHA; (D) Residual cell growth, (E) PHA production, and (F) lignin degradation during lignin bioconversion using stirring followed by shaking flasks with different volumes of medium; (G) Dissolved oxygen in flasks with 150 mL medium using the approach of stirring followed by shaking flask; (H) Molecular weight distribution of lignin liquor from raw feedstock, post-stirring, and post-shaking fermentation; (I) Scaled-up lignin bioconversion in a 1 L reactor with different levels of air supplementation. Photograph of the experimental setup taken by the authors. Error bars represent the standard deviation of two replicates (n = 2). PHA: Polyhydroxyalkanoates; MW: molecular weight.