fig5

Figure 5. (A) displays the net climate impact of the baseline and intervention scenarios expressed as mega tonnes of CO₂ equivalent per year (Mt CO₂-eq·year^-1), considering the Spanish electricity mix from 2024 for the electricity benefits. (B) shows the sensitivity analysis using the projected 2030 mix. Scenarios are defined by biochar feedstock and AVS deployment levels: S1 (EOP, no AVS), S2 (EOP, 50% AVS), S3 (EOP-OP, 50% AVS), S4 (AVS-only, 100% AVS), and S5 (EOP-OP, 100% AVS). Negative values indicate climate benefits from biochar sequestration and renewable electricity generation. Black markers denote the net total impact with standard deviation (SD) from Monte Carlo simulation.