fig3

From: Reversible sulfate-anion involved charge storage in layered MnO₂ for aqueous symmetric batteries

Reversible sulfate-anion involved charge storage in layered MnO<sub>2</sub> for aqueous symmetric batteries

Figure 3. Electrochemical and thermal characterization of layered MnO₂ electrodes. (A) Ex situ TGA curves of pristine, charged, and discharged electrodes under argon atmosphere. (B) Typical galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) profiles of the layered MnO₂ electrode. (C) Rate performance of the layered MnO₂ electrode at various current densities. (D) Log(i) vs. log(v) plot for the layered MnO₂ electrode, illustrating the b-value analysis of charge-storage kinetics. (E) Non-diffusion-controlled (capacitive) current contribution at a scan rate of 5 mV s^-1. (F) Histogram showing the capacitive contribution at scan rates from 1 to 5 mV s^-1. (G) Calculated migration pathway and energy barrier of SO₄^2- within the modeled MnO₂ interlayer environment.