fig3

Figure 3. Catalytic mechanism analysis of M4Zn-S and M4-S. (A) Schematic of the AEM, LOM, and OPM; (B and C) In situ IR spectra (900-1,500 cm^-1) of M4Zn-S and M4-S. Analysis of the interfacial water structure via (D-F) in situ IR and (G-I) Raman spectroscopy: (D and G) spectral deconvolution, (E and H) stark tuning slopes of the K⁺-H₂O band, and (F and I) relative abundance of K⁺-H₂O. AEM: Adsorbate evolution mechanism; LOM: lattice oxygen-mediated mechanism; OPM: oxide pathway mechanism; IR: infrared.