fig12

Figure 12. Triboelectrically induced ion polarization enabling active regulation of EDLs and higher-performance triboiontronic energy conversion. Reprinted with permission from^[93] Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. (A) Conceptual framework of a triboiontronic Maxwell’s demon inspired by classical Maxwell’s demon and biological ion pumps, where triboelectric energy is converted into an external electrostatic field to actively generate nonequilibrium ionic concentration gradients within coupled EDLs; (B) Experimental demonstration of triboelectrically induced ion polarization via remote modulation of EDL charge distributions and interfacial electrostatic potentials; (C) Comparison of triboiontronic energy conversion performance across dielectric, metallic, and metal/dielectric hybrid interfaces, highlighting the synergistic roles of robust EDL formation and efficient ionic-electronic coupling; (D) Effects of electrolyte properties, including ionic concentration, valence state, and diffusion kinetics, on triboiontronic energy conversion behavior; (E) Demonstration of enhanced and programmable triboiontronic outputs enabled by triboelectrically induced ion polarization; (F) Synergistic enhancement of ionic transport and energy conversion through coupling triboelectrically induced ion polarization with interfacial redox reactions.