fig1

Figure 1. (A) The electrolyte open-circuit energy diagram. ΦA and ΦC represent the work functions of the anode and cathode; Eg indicates the thermodynamic stability window of the electrolyte; μA and μC denote the redox potentials of the anode and cathode; Figure 1A is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[52]. Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society; (B) Schematic showing the spatial redistribution of ions and solvent molecules during cycling; Figure 1B is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[56]. Copyright © 2019 Copyright 2023 Royal Society of Chemistry; (C) Cycling failure due to SEI fracture, repeated growth, and electrolyte depletion at the Si-electrolyte interphase; Figure 1C is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[61]. Copyright © 2022 Wiley; (D) Schematic diagram of the volume expansion of a rigid inorganic SEI film during lithiation/delithiation of the Si anode; (E) Influence of solvation-structure design on reduction potential. SEI: Solid electrolyte interphase; LUMO: lowest unoccupied molecular orbital; IHP: inner Helmholtz plane; OHP: outer Helmholtz plane.