fig8

From: Uncertainty-aware physics-guided digital twins for lithium-ion batteries: toward integrated health, safety, and fast-charging management

Figure 8. Deployment, privacy-preserving collaboration, and lifecycle digital thread. (A) Overall battery-type distribution in heterogeneous charging-station data; (B) Owner-specific battery-type distribution. Figure 8A and B is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[48]. Copyright © 2025 Springer Nature; (C) Generative-learning-assisted retired-battery SOH estimation under random retirement conditions, including pretreatment, pulse-response generation, and deployment without additional SOC conditioning. Figure 8C is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[69]. Copyright © 2024 Springer Nature; (D) Battery-passport, ontology, and lifecycle digital-thread layer connecting identity, provenance, performance, compliance, second-life use, and recycling. LFP: lithium iron phosphate; NMC: lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide; LCO: lithium cobalt oxide; CCCV: constant current constant voltage; SOH: state of health; SOC: state of change.