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Figure 1. EV miRNAs may contribute to disease activity in multiple sclerosis. EVs can transport miRNAs across the blood-brain barrier, facilitating a bidirectional crosstalk between the periphery and the central nervous system. EVs may also transport miRNAs within the central nervous system or blood compartments. The dysregulated loading of miRNAs into EVs has the potential to influence MS pathology by altering immunological, CNS and viral gene expression. ADAM17: ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17; ADIPOR2: adiponectin receptor 2; BBB: blood-brain barrier; CNS: central nervous system; eEF2K: eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase; EV: extracellular vesicle; IL6: interleukin 6; IRAK1: interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1; Limk1: LIM domain kinase 1; MIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; miRNA: microRNA; MS: multiple sclerosis; SLC7A11: solute carrier family 7 member 11; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; USP15: ubiquitin specific peptidase 15; T reg: regulatory T cell.