fig3

Figure 3. Migrasomes reshape the tumor microenvironment. Migrasomes modulate key processes within the TME, including immune regulation, ECM remodeling, and angiogenesis, by altering tumor cell behavior and reprogramming intercellular interactions. CAFs: Cancer-associated fibroblasts; CCL2: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; CSF1: colony-stimulating factor 1; CXCL12: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12; CXCL5: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5; ECM: extracellular matrix; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; HSCs: hematopoietic stem cells; MSCs: mesenchymal stromal cells; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor 1; TAMs: tumor-associated macrophages; TGFβ1: transforming growth factor beta 1; TME: tumor microenvironment; TSPAN4: tetraspanin 4; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFA: vascular endothelial growth factor A.