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From: 2D organic framework membranes: extending functions in natural ion channels to scalable nanofluidic applications

Figure 9. Construction of 2D organic framework membranes through in situ growth. (A and B) Synthesis and EDXS mapping of tubular COF-LZU1 membrane. (A and B) Ref.^[156] Copyright © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (C and D) Schematic and SEM images of ZIF-8@TpPa-SO₃H via secondary growth. (C and D) Ref.^[160] Copyright © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. COF-LZU1: A covalent organic framework (LZU: Lanzhou University); PAN: polyacrylonitrile; ZIF: zeolitic imidazolate framework; EDXS: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; SEM: scanning electron microscope.