fig5

Figure 5. Spray and focusing optimization strategies. (A) Schematic of the AJP setup and process using dry sheath gas on the left and saturated sheath gas on the right, together with a comparison of the corresponding printing results^[81]. Reprinted with permission^[81]. Copyright 2025, Small Science; (B) Schematic and system diagram of focusing optimization using an electric field^[82]. Reprinted with permission^[82]. Copyright 2013, Aerosol Science and Technology; (C) Schematic and system diagram of acoustic-focusing-assisted AJP^[39]. Reprinted with permission^[39]. Copyright 2024, Nature Communications; (D) Schematic and system diagram of ring-shaped-thermal-field-assisted AJP^[40]. Reprinted with permission^[40]. Copyright 2025, Additive Manufacturing. AJP: Aerosol jet printing; HEPA: high efficiency particulate air.