fig5

Figure 5. (A) One-pot strategy for dissolving cellulose hydrogels^[145]. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society; (B) Hydrogels from PVA-PVP-PDA NPs materials^[146]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH; (C) The ionogel via the LbL assembly approach^[155]; Copyright 2025, Wiley-VCH. PVA: Poly(vinyl alcohol); PVP: poly(vinylpyrrolidone); PDA: polydopamine; NPs: nanoparticles; LbL: layer-by-layer; RF: radio frequency.