Artificial intelligence Computer vision Colorectal surgery Deep learning Hepatocellular carcinoma Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Machine learning Natural language processing Pancreatic Spine surgery Plastic surgery Robotic surgery Radiomics
Figure 2. Risk of bias summary. Summary of risk of bias assessment across all 80 included studies using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RCTs) and ROBINS-I (observational studies). Green indicates low risk, yellow moderate risk, and red high risk of bias.